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Saturday, 2 July 2016

Connectivity aims to spur travel, airport usage

Only routes covering a distance of 200-800 km connecting a ‘less connected or unconnected’ airport will qualify for the regional connectivity scheme and the airfare cap will be proportional to the air distance travelled. File photo

The civil aviation ministry released the draft regional connectivity scheme on Friday in a bid to make flying affordable and to revive dormant airports.

Once the scheme is implemented, passengers will be able to fly an hour’s journey (of about 500 km) for an all-inclusive fare of Rs 2,500. The passenger service fee and user development fee will not be applicable on this fare.

However, the cap on the airfares will be applicable only to a limited number of seats in an aircraft and the passengers will be eligible for subsidised fare on a first-come-first served basis.

Only routes covering a distance of 200-800 km connecting a ‘less connected or unconnected’ airport will qualify for the regional connectivity scheme and the airfare cap will be proportional to the air distance travelled.

Airfares will be capped in the range of Rs.1,700-Rs.4,070 and will be revised every quarter based on the prevailing inflation rate.

Hinterland effect
While the scheme will be applicable to airports with no flight connections in the previous two flying seasons, the government has identified 16 airports, receiving seven flights a week, which will also fall under the scheme.

Some of them are: Agra, Allahabad, Pantnagar, Diu, Shillong, Jamnagar, Bhavnagar, Kullu, Tezpur, among others.

“As the Indian economy grows, consumption-led growth in populated metros is expected to spill over to hinterland areas. This is also expected to be on account of factors of production (land, labour, etc.) becoming costlier in the densely populated metro cities. In this scenario, air connectivity can provide required impetus to the economic growth of such regional centres,” said the draft regional connectivity scheme document. The document has been uploaded on the civil aviation ministry’s website for purposes of receiving public comments till July 22.

“We feel regional connectivity is going to boost air traffic growth tremendously, Now, the Centre should collaborate with states and offer last-mile connectivity to passengers,” said D. Sudhakara Reddy, national president of Air Passengers Association of India.

Subsidy
While the Centre will provide 80 per cent subsidy to airlines for three years to fund the losses they incur, to enable them to charge lower airfares to passengers, the remaining 20 per cent will come from the states.

The Centre will set up a regional connectivity fund, to be be financed by a cess charged to airlines flying on metro or trunk routes for each departure.

The cess, which will likely be levied beginning August 1, may marginally increase airfares on such routes.

“If an airline is not able to develop a route within three years even after (our) giving viability gap funding, then we will give a cooling off period of two years before the route can again qualify to become a part of the scheme,” Minister of State, Civil Aviation Mahesh Sharma said.

Seat occupancy
He said if the seat occupancy of the airline on a particular route exceeds 90 per cent, the subsidy will be reduced by 50 per cent in the subsequent year. Mr. Sharma said subsidised fares will be applicable only on nine seats (for 12 to 18-seater plane) and 40 seats (for aircraft with 80 or more seats).

The government may provide higher subsidy to the airlines if the cost of aviation turbine fuel goes up in future, Civil Aviation Secretary RN Choubey said.

The airlines will be mandated to fly at least three flights every week on such regional routes and the subsidy will be provided for maximum seven flights per week.

“There are around 30 inactive airports which are low-hanging fruit and can be revived immediately,” Civil Aviation Minister Ashok Gajapathi Raju said.

Gold prices likely to remain high in the current year due to Brexit

File Photo

Gold prices likely to move up further in the current calendar year owing to uncertainties in the global markets as U.K. voted to exit from the European Union.

Gold prices shot up to its highest level in three years, in the aftermath of the Brexit referendum, on last Friday, as investors rushed to grab safer assets, leaving equities and other risk assets, which were already facing selling pressure.

Sluggish purchases

The prices of gold hit a three-year peak at around $1,355 per ounce on June 23, and hovering between $1310 and 1,320 per ounce in the international market currently. Earlier the highest price recorded was at around $1,900 per ounce in 2012 which moved down to $1,100 per ounce in the subsequent period, mostly attributed to the sluggish purchase by the central banks

“Later it recovered to US$1300 levels in the beginning of 2016 due to weak U.S. data. Last Friday it touched a three year high of around $1,355 per ounce on Brexit news. It is expected to go up to $1,400 per ounce in the coming days,” said James Jose, Secretary, Association of Gold Refineries and Mints, a national body for gold refiners.

On the previous day of the referendum in U.K., the gold price was at $1,265 per ounce and the Dollar index was at 93.87 and on Thursday, June 30, the Dollar index was at 95.75 and gold price was at 1315.65 per ounce. “As dollar strengthens, the price of gold is likely to rise,” said Hariprasad M.P. Senior Vice President and Head of Treasury and Banknotes, Centrum Direct Ltd.

Prices to rise

“Global commodities like Gold don’t overnight change the main trend. Gold is expected into a large sideways market having resistance at Rs 33500 - 34500 and at lower end Rs 25000 in the Indian market,” said Jimeet Modi, CEO, SAMCO Securities

The risk to reward ratio currently is not favourable for long trades. However in the short term there is possibility for higher levels but soon the gold price will try to catch up with the lower end of the trading band. However, to the extent of dollar appreciation the gold prices will rise in India, Mr. Modi added.

The disparity in the prices, he said, is due to conversion costs, which is more or less constant and will remain so. In fact the Indian price of gold is the derivative of international markets subject to currency adjustments. However Mr. Modi said during times of uncertainty gold has always found buyers. “But we believe such uncertainties don’t last forever, soon, the markets will discount the fact and move on. Therefore going with the crowd now may not be the wise thing in the gold market.”

In a statement issued last Friday, the World Gold Council (WGC) said that it expects to see strong and sustained inflows into the gold market driven by the staggering level of protracted uncertainty that investors are facing.

Small investors

WGC predicted that purchases of gold coins by small retail investors, which were already up sharply in the months running up to the vote (Brexit), should accelerate further. According to the world body, gold is a high quality and liquid asset and will provide investors with a hedge against market uncertainty, economic, political and intervention risk.

“The intermediate trend in Gold has turned positive from negative,” said Birendrakumar Singh, AVP , Systematix Shares & Stocks.

Upward trend

Time wise, he said, beginning from December 2015, the present upward trend would remain intact for a minimum time period of 6 months or it can even extend up to 18 months.

“Price wise the upward projection could be up to $1,509 or higher, it is the 61.8 per cent retracement level of the down trend,” Mr. Singh added.

Eleven dead, 17 missing as heavy rain lashes Uttarakhand

A vehicle seen in Alaknanda River at Badrinath road at Chamoli on Friday. Photo: Virender Singh Negi

At least 11 persons were killed and 17 went missing when heavy rain triggered landslips and flash floods in Uttarakhand’s Pithoragarh and Chamoli districts on Friday.

Several people were buried in sleep, under the debris of collapsing houses, when disaster struck in the early hours.

After the deluge, eight bodies were recovered from Pithoragarh’s Didihat and Thal tehsil, where at least 12 families were affected.

While three persons who were severely injured were rescued and taken to a nearby hospital in Pithoragarh by helicopter, 11 persons in the district were missing till Friday night.

According to the State disaster management department, three persons died in the heavy rain and landslips in Chamoli district, and six had gone missing.

Meanwhile, the Dehradun Meteorological Centre has issued an alert for heavy rainfall for 72 hours. “We have issued a warning for areas in Dehradun, Haridwar, Pauri, Almora, Nainital, Champawat and Udham Singh Nagar district since there is possibility of heavy to very heavy rainfall over 72 hours [starting Friday morning],” Dehradun Meteorological Centre Director Bikram Singh said.

Within the 72-hour alert period, there could be heavy rainfall in isolated areas across the State as well, Mr Singh said. Due to the alert, people residing in areas in the vicinity of rivers have been asked by the respective district administration to shift to safer places.

Teams of the NDRF, the ITBP, the State Disaster Response Force, the Sashastra Seema Bal, the State Disaster Management Department and the Revenue Department were sent to the affected areas in Pithoragarh and Chamoli to undertake rescue and relief operations, Additional Secretary (Disaster Management) C. Ravishankar said.

Bad weather and damaged roads delayed the rescue operations in Pithoragarh, where the district administration could only reach by the evening. However, in the absence of the needed assistance, the locals undertook the rescue work.

Chief Minister Harish Rawat said, “Instances of landslips caused by heavy rains are increasing day by day. It is an issue that is of great concern.”

President inaugurates smart model village pilot project

President Pranab Mukherjee being greeted by Haryana Chief Minister M.L. Khattar during the launch of the Smart Model villages initiative at a function in Rashtrapati Bhawan on Saturday.

President Pranab Mukherjee on Saturday inaugurated a smart model village pilot project at Rashtrapati Bhavan.

The President said in the last four years of his presidency this was the first time that he was having the privilege of interacting with several sarpanches and village-level functionaries at Rashtrapati Bhavan.

He called it a landmark initiative to replicate the experience in transforming the President’s estate into a smart model township in five selected villages in Haryana. He complimented and thanked all stakeholders — the central ministries, the government of Haryana including district and village-level administration, local bodies and governmental and other organisations.

Since assuming office, the President had been emphasising on the opening of Rashtrapati Bhavan to the people. “However, today he felt that Rashtrapati Bhavan had been truly opened to the public since the village representatives were present there,” a release from Rashtrapati Bhavan stated.

Expressing confidence that this initiative would not remain confined to these five villages but spread to the entire country, the President said it is only the representatives of the villages who can transform this country.

“Our progress and development can be achieved at the desirable speed only in partnership with these decision-makers in the villages,” he said.

Mr. Mukherjee also urged the empowerment of women and youth.

The five villages which will be developed into smart villages under this pilot project are Dhaula, Alipur, Harichandpur and Taj Nagar in Gurgaon district; and Rojka Meo in Mewat district of Haryana.

The President had announced this pilot project on the occasion of the inauguration of the Intelligent Operations Centre (IOC) at Rashtrapati Bhavan and the launching of a Mobile App ‘Monitor’ for transformation of President’s Estate into a smart township on May 19.

Dhaka restaurant siege — As it happened

Bangladeshi security stand guard near the restaurant that has been attacked by unidentified gunmen.

Bangladeshi police stormed a restaurant in the capital Dhaka and rescued up to 10 hostages on Saturday, one official said, after an attack claimed by Islamic state.

Gunmen attacked the upscale cafe in the diplomatic area of Dhaka late on Friday and had been holding about 20 hostages, including foreigners, before police poured into the building to try to free those stuck inside. At least two police were killed.

Live updates

10.40 am: According to sources more than a dozen civilians are rescued alive, their identity is not disclosed. Many however are feared dead. All television channels, which were stopped, are going live now.

10.25 am: The commanding officer of Bangladeshi commandos says at least six of the militants have been killed and 13 hostages rescued after security forces cleared the main restaurant building at the end of the 10-hour standoff.

Lt. Col. Tuhin Mohammad Masud told The Associated Press that some militants were captured.

About 35 people were taken hostage, including about 20 foreigners, when gunmen stormed the Dhaka restaurant on Friday night.

Lt. Col. Masud says the rescued include a Japanese, who was injured, and two Sri Lankans.

10.21 am: Bangladesh hostage crisis ends after a commando operation, PTI says quoting media reports.

10.12 am: Bangladesh official says main building cleared; at least 6 militants killed, 13 hostages safe.

9.30 am: The U.S. has said it cannot yet confirm the Islamic State’s claim owning responsibility for the hostage crisis in a restaurant in Dhaka’s high security diplomatic area. “We have seen ISIL (ISIS) claims of responsibility, but cannot yet confirm and are assessing the information available to us,” State Department spokesman John Kirby said.

According to U.S. media reports, IS has claimed responsibility of the attack at Holey Artisan Bakery.

But according to CNN, senior U.S. officials believe that the attack has been probably carried out by al-Qaeda in Indian Subcontinent, which was declared as a terrorist organisation by the U.S. only a day earlier.

“You can say we are aware of these reports but refer to Bangladeshi authorities,” a senior administration official told PTI when asked about the news reports.

9.10 am: 2 big explosions heard inside Dhaka restaurant; police official says 5 bodies found, reports AP

8.20 am: 10 people, including two foreigners, are rescued from Dhaka restaurant, Reuters reports quoting a TV channel.

8.10 am: An AFP photographer at the scene said he could hear a massive gunfight as security forces launched the rescue operation more than 10 hours after militants seized the hostages.Five Bangladeshi hostages were rescued in the first few minutes of the operation, a security official told AFP. "They are rescued unharmed," he said.

8.03 am: Bangladesh police say one foreigner, probably Japanese, escaped in operation to free hostages

7.51 am: Bangladesh police say more than 100 commandos fighting gunmen at Dhaka restaurant to free hostages, gunmen retaliating

7.41 am: Bangladesh police storm restaurant to rescue hostages

Bangladeshi police stormed a Dhaka restaurant on Saturday to free 20 hostages, including several foreigners, that were trapped inside after gunmen had launched an attack on the upscale eatery late on Friday night, an official said.

“Our commandos have stormed into the restaurant. Intense gunfighting on,” Mizanur Rahman Bhuiyan, a deputy director at the Rapid Action Battalion force, told Reuters.

4.00 am: Seven Italian nationals among hostages, Italian state television said quoting the Italian ambassador to Bangladesh.

3.35 am: "Deeply saddened to know that Assistant Commissioner of Police Robiul Islam has been also killed in the exchange of gunfire at the Holey Artisan. He was a meritorious student of the Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Jahangirnagar University," wrote Shahab Enam Khan, a commentator on politics and diplomacy, on Facebook.

More comments poured on social media throughout the night.

3.00 am: The U.S. State Department says it has seen the claims of responsibility by the Islamic State group for the hostage-taking in Dhaka but cannot yet confirm it.

A White House official said President Barack Obama was briefed on the attack by his chief counterterrorism adviser Lisa Monaco. The president asked to be kept informed as the situation develops, said the official, who was not authorized to speak publicly about the president’s meetings.

State Department spokesman John Kirby says the U.S. is in contact with the Bangladesh government and has offered its assistance to bring those responsible to justice.

1.38 am: Sri Lankan nationals suspected among hostages in Dhaka restaurant.

"Hon Ruwan Wijewardene informed us of two possible Sri Lankans among hostages inside restaurant in Dhaka. We are urgently looking in to it. Our Deputy Cheif of Mission in Dhaka in touch with Police regarding the two individuals suspected to be among the hostages in the cafe," tweeted Harsha de Silva, Sri Lanka's Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs.

1.26 am: Islamic State claims responsibility for Dhaka attack, reports PTI.

Reuters reports: A news agency run by Islamic State said the militant group's affiliates were responsible for an attack on a cafe in Bangladesh on Friday, where gunmen were holding hostages as police laid siege to the building.

1.20 am: Out correspondent Suvojit Bagchi reports from Kolkata:

Dhaka residents told The Hindu that few thousand alleged militants were arrested over last few weeks but security was not beefed up in the city anticipating a retaliation. "Any body could enter the Airport's secured area till Friday without showing identity card or ticket," said a eminent film producer of Dhaka.

1.10 am: More than two dozen members of police

12. 59 am: U.S. President Barack Obama has been briefed about the attack, the White House said. “The president asked to be kept informed as the situation develops,” a White House official said.

12.58 am: Reuters reports:

The U.S. State Department spokesman John Kirby, could not confirm whether private U.S. citizens were caught up in the “hostage situation.”

“We have accounted for all Americans working for the chief of mission authority” in Dhaka, Kirby told a press briefing. “We're still accounting for private Americans.”

12.55 am: At least 15 injured in the situation, while two police officers are dead.

12.53 am: Security heightened at Dhaka airport, but airport not closed.

12.51 am: Dhaka attack has traces of Mirpur incident and smaller terrorist incidents, say Rapid Action force in Dhaka.

12.48 am: Rabiul Alam, Assistant Superintendent of Police, Detective Department is shot and fighting for life according to SATs official sources, reports our Kolkata correspondent Suvojit Bagchi.

12.45 am: Dhaka restaurant waiters say eight individuals have attacked the restaurant.

12.45 am: Initial reports say the Ansarullah Bangla team has been blamed for the attack on Dhaka restaurant.

12.40 am: Gulshan is one of the most highly guarded areas of Dhaka as many foreign missions are located in the area.

"So it is a surprise how so many militants could enter such an area and took hostage," Mr Dutta said. "It is alarming for us, the minorities. It took place on a day when a Hindu priest was killed in the country."

12.10 am: Shyamal Dutta, Editor of a leading Bangladeshi newspaper, Bhorer Kagoj told The Hindu that an Indian girl is also among 20 hostages. "Her father claimed so on television. However, her name was not disclosed," Mr Dutta said. "Police operation is expected to start but has not started inside the bakery."

11.50 pm: A Bangladesh security officer has appealed to television channels to stop live broadcast of the situation.

11.40 pm: Associated Press reports Benazir Ahmed, director general of the elite anti-crime force Rapid Action Battalion or RAB, as saying that security forces were working to save the lives of the people trapped inside. Several foreigners are believed to be among the hostages inside the restaurant.

“Some derailed youths have entered the restaurant and launched the attack. We have talked to some of the people who fled the restaurant after the attack. We want to resolve this peacefully. We are trying to talk to the attackers, we want to listen to them about what they want,” Ahmed said.

“Some of our people have been injured. Our first priority is to save the lives of the people trapped inside.,” he said.

11.30 pm: Reuters reports Bangaldeshi policemen as saying that there are around eight or nine gumen involved in the situation.

11.25 pm: All Indian High Commission officials safe, reports our correspondent Suhasini Haidar. The Indian High Commission is monitoring the situation, says the Ministry of External Affairs.

11.22 pm: Our correspondent from Dhaka, Haroon Habib writes:

Police and suspected criminals traded gunfire for hours on Friday night in Dhaka’s Gulshan area that houses the diplomatic zone.

The shooting started near Holey Artisan Bakery, Lakeview Hospital and Nordic Club at Gulshan-2 around 9:15pm on Friday, the police said.

Police also believe that several people including foreign nationals are believed to be trapped at the restaurant. Local media outlets said the armed miscreants took at least 10 to 12 foreigners as hostages. At least 30 people, including policemen, have been shot.

TV channels, reporting the incident live, said about five assailants entered one Holey Artisan Bakery restaurant on Road 79 of the Gulshan diplomatic zone and opened gunfire. A number of policemen and elite Rapid Action Battalion (RAB) members cordoned off the area but no details were available. Assailants also hurled bombs, according to police.

TV reports said several people including policemen were believed to injured in the yet unexplained shooting in a sensitive area. Sumon Reza, a member of the kitchen staff of the Bakery who managed to escape, told journalists that several armed assailants entered the restaurant and first took the chief chef hostage.

A member of staff of a diplomatic mission who lives close to the place said that he had also heard shooting but did not know what really was happening there. Police have barricaded the streets leading towards the area.

11.20 pm: Bangladesh media reports: Police negotiator appeals "we are requesting the ones who are inside the restaurant to talk to us., relay us your demands" (ANI)

11.15 pm: The Dhaka Tribune reports that several police officials have been wounded with at least 20 civilians, mostly foreigners taken hostage.

11.10 pm: Too early to say who is involved or motivation for hostage situation in Dhaka: U.S. State dept. spokesman — Reuters

11.10 pm: Reuters reports that the hostage situation in Dhaka is 'still fluid', all U.S. citizens working under chief of mission accounted for: U.S. state dept

11.00 pm: Several foreigners are feared to have been taken hostages inside the restaurant, police said.
11.00 pm: A large number of policemen and Rapid Action Battalion cordoned off the restaurant.

10.55 pm: The attackers hurled bombs and were firing intermittently, injuring some policemen and people.

10.50 pm: A kitchen staff of the bakery, who managed to escape, said several armed men entered the restaurant around 8:45 PM and took the chief chef hostage, local media reported. “They set off several crude bombs triggering panic,” he added.

10.50 pm: According to police, about five armed men entered Holey Artisan Bakery, a restaurant popular with foreigners, and opened gunfire around 9:20 PM (local 

New Taliban leader tells U.S. to end Afghan 'occupation' in first message

In this undated and unknown location photo, the new leader of Taliban fighters, Mullah Haibatullah Akhundzada poses for a portrait.

New Taliban leader Haibatullah Akhundzada tells U.S. on Saturday to end its "occupation" of Afghanistan in his first message since being appointed the militant group's chief in May.

"Admit the realities instead of useless use of force and muscle... and put an end to the occupation," Akhundzada said in a speech on the eve of Eid-al-Fitr, the Muslim festival marking the end of the fasting month of Ramadan.

"Our message to the American invaders and her allies is this: the Afghan Muslim people neither fear... your force nor your stratagem. They consider martyrdom in confrontation with you as a cherished goal of their life," Akhundzada added.

"You are facing... not a group or faction but a nation. You are not going to be a winner [if Allah willing]."

The message is the first by Akhundzada since his predecessor Akhtar Mansour was killed during a U.S. drone strike in neighbouring Pakistan in May.

The leader's statement comes two days after twin Taliban bomb blasts killed at least 32 Afghan policemen and wounded 78 others on the edge of Kabul.

"Our message to the supporters of the invaders is that it might have been dawned on you during the past 15 years that you are being used for realisation of American goals," Akhundzada said, adding that "your support and siding with invaders is like the work of those abhorrent faces who in our past history supported the Britons and the Soviets," he added.

Hillary’s automatic green card proposal to benefit Indian students

Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton has promised automatic ‘green card’ or permanent residency to students who complete a master’s degree or a PhD from a U.S university.

Indian science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) students in the U.S could be the biggest beneficiaries of a proposal in Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton’s ‘Initiative on Technology and Innovation’ released this week.

Ms. Clinton has promised automatic ‘green card’ or permanent residency to students who complete a master’s degree or a PhD from a U.S university.

Indian students mostly in STEM

 There are 1,32,888 Indian students in the U.S currently, second only to the Chinese. There are 3,04,040 Chinese students. Indian students are mostly graduate students, and mostly in the STEM category. Of all the international undergraduate students, 30 per cent are Chinese, where as Indians make only three per cent of the pool.

Immigration experts who are familiar with the trends approximate that as high as 80 per cent of the Indian students could be in the STEM category and therefore in a position to benefit from Ms. Clinton’s policy.

Proposal around for a while 

Automatic green card for STEM graduates has been a proposal that has been around for a while, and Republican Mitt Romney promised it during his presidential campaign in 2012.

For decades, foreign students who come to the U.S on F-1 visas could be employed in the country under what is called the Optional Practical Training (OPT). In 2008 the Bush administration allowed STEM students to stay as long as 29 months, and in 2015, the Obama administration extended it to 36 months.

 “Indian students stand to benefit a lot if this policy [Ms. Clinton’s] comes through. As of now, a STEM graduate can continue to stay in the U.S. for a maximum of three years after the course. If they have not got an H-1B visa by then, they either go back to India or go back to a student visa. This uncertainty leaves them in a state of flux immediately after graduation,” said Aparna Dave, an immigration lawyer based in Washington.

Always in demand

Applications for H-1B visas exceed the stipulated quota by several times every year. For several years now, annually, there are 65,000 H-1B visas that are in the general category and an additional 20,000 meant for STEM graduates from American universities under the category ‘advanced degree exemption.’

Ms. Dave pointed out that while IT companies are aggressive in using the H-1B visas, companies in other sectors are usually lukewarm to the programmed. “Many companies that are not primarily in IT are averse to getting involved in the immigration process,” she said. As a result, a mechanical, chemical or environmental engineering graduate has lesser chances to continue in the U.S, even if a corresponding job may be available with a company. If STEM graduates are automatically eligible for a green card, they could compete in the open job market and companies will find it easier to fill vacancies or expand with fresh talent, said Ms. Dave.

Move to tap top talent

Ms. Clinton explains her policy proposal as a move to “attract and retain the top talent from around the world.”

“As part of comprehensive immigration reform, Hillary would “staple” a green card to STEM masters and PhDs from accredited institutions, and support visas that allow top entrepreneurs from abroad to come to the U.S., build companies, and create jobs for American workers,” the document said.

Controversial topics, in poll year

But OPT and the number of extra STEM talent that the American job market requires every year remain controversial topics, more so in an election year. Donald Trump, the Republican candidate, has made vague remarks about retaining international students who come to the U.S, but his politics remain anti-immigration.

“The STEM OPT extension program masquerades as a mentoring and training program for foreign graduates with STEM degrees from U.S. universities; in practice it is a large temporary work-visa program for foreign workers with virtually no rules …There are no enforceable wage standards or protections for the foreign students in the OPT program or for the U.S. workers with whom the OPT workers compete. Employers are permitted to deeply undercut locally prevailing wages for jobs in STEM fields. Employers are not required to first recruit U.S. workers or even publicly advertise jobs to them before hiring OPT workers, meaning that employers do not have to establish the existence of a labour shortage before hiring workers through OPT,” Ronil Hira, Associate Professor of Public Policy at Howard University, Washington DC told the Senate Judiciary Committee earlier this year.  Automatic green cards to STEM graduates is not a proposal that will go unchallenged.